A matrix is simply a rectangular table of values; we say that a matrix with $m$ rows
and $n$ columns has dimensions $m \times n$.
Given a matrix $A$, we write $A_{i, j}$ (or sometimes $a_{i, j}$ to indicate the value
found at the intersection of row $i$ and column $j$, as shown in the figure below.
It may be helpful to think of the rows of an $m \times n$ matrix $A$ as a collection of
$m$arrays, each having length $n$.
